Phase-comparison monopulse radar



Jan. 26, 1965 v. D. sTABlLlTo PHASE-COMPARISON MoNoPuLsE RADAR 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed June 13 1961 Jan. 26, 1965 v. D. sTABlLlTo PHASE-COMPARISON MoNoPuLsE RADAR 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed June 13. 1961 PRT. I2.5005

www

| s i l l l I I l @f l 500 METER 2ND DET INPUTS B 2ND DET OUTPUT C f oN Axls sus. T

olf-'E GIR. D OUTPUT cLAMPED E ouTPuT INVENTOR. WNCENT usTAauJTo By JJ. @ai xl Q. j. @4W/Vl h ATTORNE YS:

Jan. 26, 1965 v. D. sTABlLlTo TO P TRANSMITTER TRIGGER(FROM TIMER) L zsous en i II TRANSMITTER PULSE MODULATOR SYNO OUTPUT RANGE RUN DOWN WAVE FORMS GATE TRIGGER EXPANDED SWEEP GATE PULSE DELAYED GATE UN BLANK |ses LINE e Fok ORIGIN SCALE ExPANoIEo APPnox loox F' MIXER OUTPUT (NO VIDIO) F MIXER OUTPUT (INC. VIDIO) PRT PULSE REPETITION TIME A RF AMP.

.O RT. mu Mw ma J M VA R Nw o I. ...u D 04A MAH# E BY j 613.62%#

Jan. 26, 1965 v. D. sTABlLlTo 3,167,765

PHASE-COMPARISON MONOPULSE RADAR Filed June 13. 1961 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 \APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF F |G. 5 Le BAND WIDTH WITH RESPECT T0 DOUBLE PULSE SPECTRUM INVENTOR. VINCENT D. STABILITO United States Patent 3,167,765 PHASE-COWARESON MONPULSE RADAR Vincent D. Stabilito, Riverside, NJ., assigner to the United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army Fiied Enne 13, 196i, Ser. No. 116,889 3 Claims. (Qi. .M3- 11) (Granted under Title 35, ELS. Code (1952), sec. 266) The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment to me of any royalty thereon.

The present invention relates to radar systems, and more particularly to a phase-comparison monopulse radar system which possesses a target discriminating ability not heretofore realized.

No radar system heretofore available can distinguish between stationary targets and clutter such as that produced by vegetation. The ability of such systems to discriminate between a target and its clutter environment has provedinadequate for ranging under practical ield conditions. Another limitation of these conventional systems is their inability to point accurately at the major target object when there is more than one target at the same range located in the beam width. As a result, considerable time and skill has been required for a trained operator to exercise his best judgment in detecting a target in clutter and discerning the right target from all the target returns appearing on the display.

The present invention avoids these difficulties by the provision of a radar system which involves the transmission of a multipulse signal, an antenna system which permits extracting the phase relation between the reiiected signals arriving at the antenna thereby creating sum and difference signals, an odset local oscillator which provides single side band reception, and a circuit which provides a comparison of the sum and difference signals instantaneous amplitude.

Briey stated, this radar system includes an antenna system consisting of two paraboloids with their feed centers at the same elevation and displaced in azimuth to provide phase comparison-of the reflected sum and difference signals. The transmitted signal is preferably in the form of two pulses which are of equal length and are separated by a time interval equal to that of one of the pulses. This signal isl transmitted to the antenna through a duplexer or transmit-receive circuit and the sum arm of a magic tee. The signals reiiected from the targets to the antenna system are divided in accordance with their instane'ousRE. phase into sum and difference signals. The E and A signals are separately combined with the output of a local oscillator which is offset to provide single side band reception. These signals are `thereafter separately amplified in IF ampliiiers set for a relatively narrow band pass, are separately detected, and are compared to provide a resultant sum or difference which is indicative of the divergence of the electrical axis of the antenna system from the target.

The invention will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings and its scope as indicated by the appended claims. V

Referring to the drawings:

FIG. l is a box diagram indicating the relation between the various components of the phase-comparison mono- Y pulse radar system of the present invention,

FIG. 2 indicates the characters of the signals at various FIG. 3 pertains to the various signals in the timing elementsA of the system,

FIG. 4 represents a relation between the sum and difference signals out of the antenna system as a function of relative incident R.F. phase angle and FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram,

FIG. 6 illustrates a modification of the target selecting means,

FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram, and

FiG. 8 is a box diagram illustrating a modified form of the invention.

The radar system illustrated by FIG. l includes a dual paraboloid antenna system )l0-l1 with feed centers 12-13 alined in elevation and displaced in the azimuth plane to provide phase comparison of the signal reflected from the target. T he feed centers 12-13 are connected to a magic tee 14E- through paths iS-i of equal length. It is desirable, but not essential that the relative axis of each antenna be adjusted so that if either antenna is oriented to point at the object, the opposite antenna be adjusted so that the relative phase of the reiiected signal as seen at the electrical midpoint of the system, is 1/2 wavelength (180 elect.) apart. For the operating conditions herein examplilied, with a spacing between the feed centers of 12% inches (36A) in the azimuth plane, a practical divergence angle between the antenna axis is 22 milli radians (approx.

The forms of the various pulses involved in the operation of the system are indicated by FIGS.' 2 and 3. In Vconsidering these iigures, it should be remembered that the time intervals between the voltage pulses of the differv ent groups are not always to the same scale, some of the inter-pulse time intervals being very long as compared to others. For example, the repetition time of the transmitted double pulse 'T1-T2 (FlG. 2-N) is 250 microseconds which is very long as compared to the time inter- V'vals between the pulses of FIG. 2-E.

The transmitted signal (FIG. 2N) consists of a pair of pulses which are of equal length and are separated by a time interval equal to the duration of one of the pulses. it is generated by a transmitter tub'e it; which is under the control of a double-pulse modulator 20, this modulator being triggered by a timer Z1 in a manner well understood by those skilled in the art and the pulse generated by the timer being indicated by FIG. Z-P. This transmitted signal may have a frequency of 35,000 mc./s., a pulse duration of 0.05 microsecond and a repetition frequence of 4000 p./s. With the radar system adjusted as indicated and scanned across a target, the echo signal generates sum and difference signals from the antenna system in the form indicated by FiG. 4. Under these conditions, the null or minimum of the difference signal A coincides with the peak of the sum signal E as the electrical center line of the antenna system crosses the target point of origin. Y w

The generation of the sum and difference signals occurs when the reiiected signals are fed from the paraboloids l0-l1 into the magic tee 14. Since the feed ycenters of the dual paraboloids are separated by a fixed distance in the azimuth plane, the signal voltages at the feed centers have the same magnitude. For small angles G between the direction of the target and the lcenter line ofthe antenna system, these signal voltages `have a phase dierence proportional to the value of 9. The magnitude of the sum signal voltage 2 from the output ofthe magic tee follows a cosine function of G and that of the difference signal voltage A follows a sine function.

When a target is on the center line of the antenna system, the sum signal `voltage reaches a maximum While the difference signalvoltage becomes a minimum. As

indicated by FIG. 4, this null or minimum is in the form of a sharp point for point source type objects. Pointing accuracy of the radar system `is measured by the shift of this difference voltage minimumpoint in azimuth from the azimuth of the target.

From the magic tee i4, the sum signal is fed through the duplexeror transmit-receivecircuit 17 to a mixer 22 and the difference signal is fed directly from the magic tee to a mixer 23. These may be crystal type mixers. They function to combine the output of a local oscillator 24 with the sum and difference signals. The oscillator 24 is oifset to provide single side band reception and is connectedto the mixersl through an adjustable attenuator 25. The oscillator in this case is not used to couvert the carrier to a suitable intermediate frequency,rbut'to odset or put the carrier on one edge of 'the IF ampliier pass band, thereby to cut olf one side bandV of the double side band pulse modulation. The localV oscillator is thus used to offset the converted and pulse-modulated carrier from the center frequency of the IF pass band. lf the frequency ofthe transmitted ypulses T1 and T3 is 35,7000 megacycles per second as previously indicated, the frequency of the local oscillator is made such that the sum and difference signals appear at the outputs of the mixers 22 and 23 on a carrier having a frequency of either- S or 7() megacycles per second. VThe oscillator frequency could thus be 35,050 or 35,070 mc. per second for a difference IF' carrier frequency of 50 or 70 me. per second. This puts the carrier on the lower or upper edge of the 2O mc. passY band which is centered on 60 me. for the IF frequency and cuts off one half of the double sideband modulation. From the .mixers Z2 and 23, the sum and difference signals are fed to intermediate frequency amplifiers 26 and 27 which are adjusted to pass a bandwidth' of4 20 megacycles per second centered at 60 megacycles per second. Depending on the number and location of the objects in the area scanned by the antenna system, the sum :signal may bein the'V form indicated by FIG. Z-A and the difference signal may bein the form indicated by FlG. Z-A. Y t f The bandwidth of the IFv amplifiers 26 and 27 is selected to provide summationof the two short pulse spectrums. This is accomplished by treating the sum of the time intervals of the two pulses T1 and T3 and that of the interval T2 betweenV them as a single equivalent pulse and establishing a matched bandwidth B: T1+ a+ n with respect to the normal amount of offset used in Isingle side band configurations. This offset is preferably on the order ofthe bandwidth of therIF amplifiers with respect to fo as indicated by FIG. 5. lThis places the first null of the double pulse spectrum in the approximate center of the narrow bandampliers. The exact location of the narrow band-of theampliiersis obtained by adjusting the L.O. location for the bestV video signal and correct pointing characteristics Vin a controlled target Y situation, taking care not to include fo and its immediate frequency region within the IF band pass. target :situation suitable for performing the desirable band pass orientation is as follows. Twoy reflecting objects of nearly equal size in the same range cell and within.

a lsingle-beam width anda third reflecting object at a different range.

It is our present understanding that in so arrangingV the relation between the net system bandwidth and ex randomly modulated. rIt is also significant that the Y double pulse ffl-T3 (FIG. Z-N) provides a means of shifting some clutter components to fo by overlapping the independent clutter groups providing in essence'a. continuous wave again centered at fo. VSince the receivers reject fmthe energy associated with it is eX- cluded fromrthe system output.

elated to the statistical distribution of the clutter sources i and the rate of phase change occurring at the Vsensing points due to transmitter inter pulse instability. The third factor is the-inherent auto correlation due to the necessary double pulse coherence. This is available only along the electrical center line of the antenna. A fourth t can be seen that this bandwidthA is very much narrower Y than that normally required to pass the single short pulse effectively. In this case, a bandwidth of megacycles per second would be required, whereas the double pulse bandwi th is only 20V megacycles per second.

Two things are involved in handling `the bandwidth and pulse configuration as indicated above. First, the

short pulse spectrum is provided to allow vthe phase sensitivity of the aperture to exercise aconsiderable influence on the performance of the system. Second, the summation of the two pulses is required to provideV the proper correlation for an output indicativeof the position of a scanned object. Theband pass of the V4'system before the intermediate ampliliers'is essentially broadband t permitting the pulsesV arriving at the antenna to be phase compared in sequence.

` VFor signals returned along thezero axis of the antenna system, Aall frequencies generated appear substantially Vin their original form. YThis 4occurs for both pulses from each target scanned.V Signals not returned along the zero` line of the antenna system has a different instantaneous phase error for each frequency in the spectrum; The

factor isV by using the double pulse configuration, the

transmitted spectrum is spread over a much greater frequencyrregion. The present system isY able to select echoes from randomclutter backgrounds with a targetA vreturning energy of the-order of 1/100 of that required by conventional radars for'the same detection ability. In addition, the accurate pointingability greatly increases the usefulness of the limited aperture.

The transmission of the double pulse signal has the'advantage that it greatly extends the usable frequency spectrum. This can be seen from a comparison between the single and double pulse systems. A single pulse system with a pulse duration ofV .05 microsecond requires a 20 megacycle receiving bandwidth for optimum reception.

Thesame receiving system with a Vdouble pulse configuration has theY characteristicsrof a system `with three timesthe bandwidth insofar as the sensitivity to antenna orientation with respect. to the phase plane of the receiving aperture is concerned. As utilized in the present, system', this has the advantage Vof a greater degree of discrimination against olfeaxis signals. This has been abundantly proved by actual operation of the system.

Y Olfsetting'the local oscillator has the advantage that itdoubles the effective intelligence bandwidth. Atrans-` `mitter generating upper and lower side band signals is redundant in that the same intelligence appears in the 'l two frequency regions.V The associated receiving system g kwith a centered local oscillator providessutiicient `bandwidth toV encompass both upper Vand lower sidebands.

Since the Vnoise power of the receiving system'is directly.,

proportional tothe bandwidth, anormal system with a given bandwidth provides only half the intelligence pro-l Y vided by the system with the olisetlocaloscillator.

- FIG.V 2-B indicates'the form of the sum signals at the Y signalsare passedthrough` detectors 28 and ZitV which A controlled The second factor is vthat electrically generated by the phosphor 51.

convert them to the form indicated by FIG. Z-CYand FIG. 2-C. From the detectors the signals are fed to a circuit 30 which provides at its output the resultant differences of the instantaneous sum and difference signals. These resultant diierences X, Y and Z appear as indicated by FIG. Z-D. After clamping by a clamping circuit 31, they appear as indicated by FIG. 2-E. Thereafter they are fed through a video amplifier 32 to a video mixer 33 where they are combined with the unblank wave form (FIG. 3-1) as indicated by FIG. 3-F.

` This mixer output pulse is produced in a manner well understood by those skilled in the art. Briefly stated, it is controlled by a synchronizing pulse (FIG. 3-M) which is applied from the double-pulse modulator to a range delay circuit 41 which is under control of a handwheel 42. Rotation of this handwheel selects the portion of range to be presented on the vertical axis of the oscillogr'aph. Coincident with the termination of the rundown Awave form (FIG. 3-1.) is the gate trigger pulse (FIG.

3-K) which is one'of the outputs from circuit 41. The other output is used for range measurement. The gate trigger pulse (FIG. 3-K) is applied to a gate generator 43 which generates a gate pulse (FIG. 3-H). This gate pulse is applied to a gate delay circuit 44 and an expanded sweep generator 45. From the gate delay circuit a delayed gate pulse (FIG. S-H) is applied to the video mixer and from the expanded sweep generator 45 an expanded sweep wave form (FIG. 3-G) is applied to the vertical deliecting plates of the oscilloscope 46. The unblanking generator 47 is controlled by an output of the expanded sweep generator to produce a pedestal (FIG. 3 1) on which the" delayed gate pulse and the sum and difference pulses X and Y (FIG. 3-F) are superimposed.

The cathode ray of the oscillograph 46 is moved vertically by the voltage wave form shown at FIG. 3-G and functions to scan the output (FIG. 3-F) of the video `mixer 33 which is applied to the intensity modulation element of the oscillograph. As a result, there appears on the face of the oscillograph a representation of the pulses X and Y, each of which represents a different object in the field of view. In the absence of additional provisions, the representations would not contain relative azimuth information.

This ditliculty is avoided by the provision of an antenna position reading circuit 48 which has an output voltage proportional to the antenna position. This voltage which face of oscillograph. By collimating the beams reflected from the target and from the oscillograph, the radar system is brought to bear on the selected target, the representation of this target increasing in brightness asv the central axis of the radar system is in alinement with it.

The oscillograph 46 and telescopic means 49 of FIG. 1 may be replaced by a cathode ray tube 50 (FIG. 6) which functions to combine the direct view of the target with that electrically produced on a transparent phosphor plate 51 located in the focal plane. The tube 50 has a filter 52 which rejects light of the same wavelength as The cathode ray gun and deecting electrodes of the tube .56 function in the same manner as those of the oscilloduced by the cathode ray of the tube S9 are collimated,

as previously explained, to center the antenna system on the selected target. The use of the tube Sil has the advantage that it reduces the weight and simplifies the struc- Vture of the radar system.

Also well understood by those skilled in the art is the automatic frequency control system which functions to maintain a predetermined relation between the output frequencies of the transmitter tube and that of the local oscillator. The local oscillator 24 is illustrated asa Klystron tube which has a power supply 35 and means 36 for controlling its repeller voltage. The means for regulating this voltage include a mixer 37 which is connected to the output of the transmitter tube 18 through an adjustable attenuator 38 and to the output of the tube 24 through an adjustable attenuator 39. It also includes an automatic frequency control amplier and detector 40 which receives the output of the mixer 37 and delivers its output to the repeller of the Klystron tube 24.

Experiment shows that the resultant spectrum is absolutely symmetrical when the two transmitted pulses are identical in every respect. Thus the plus and minus double pulse spectrum rst nulls are equally displaced about the maximum amplitude region of the spectrum centered at fo (FIG. 5). However it is very diicult to kproduce this condition by actual modulation of the transmitter tube. The more normal effect is to experience an asymmetrical double pulse spectrum due to both a different pulse duration and a slightly diferent frequency between the two pulses. This effect is more of an advantage than a handicap since the resultant spread specpulse spectrum. If the pulse durations and the interpulse interval are equal and the pulse carriers are equal, the individual short pulse spectrum can be considered as the envelope 56 (FIG. 5) of the overall function. As the distance between the pair of pulses increases, many more spectrum lobes appear as indicated by FIG. 7. The overall short pulse spectrum, however still remains as the amplitude envelope for the entire resultant spectrum, being represented in FIG. 5 by the dash-dot line 57. The IF bandwidth (20 mc.) in its upper position above the center frequency fo is indicated with respect to the full double-pulse spectrum. With this system, the double pulse modulation is derived in a narrow band of 20 mc. Maximum use is made of the available full carrier bandwidth.

The radar of FIG. 8 differs from that of FIG. 1 in that the output of the transmitter tube IS' is applied to a ferrite duplexer or circulator 17. In this case, the sum signal is transmitted to the difference circuit 3d through the circulator 17', a narrow band RF. amplifier 61 and a crystal video detector 29'. The difference signal is similarly transmitted to the difference circuit 30 through a narrow band RF. amplifier 60 and a crystal video detector 23.

In the crystal video type receiver, the absence of the local oscillator requires that the R.F. band pass location with respect `to the transmitted carrier signal, be appro priately adjusted as in the previously discussed single side band mode of operation. It is to be noted that the system of FIG. 8 is somewhat less complicated than that of FIG. 1.

I claim:

I. A radar system-including signal generating means for operation in a range above the high-frequency band, means for modulating the output of said generating means to produce a signal consisting of a carrier amplitudemodulated by a pair of short pulses which are of equal length and are separated by a time interval equal to the Y time duration of one of said pulses, means including a signal to an object to be detectedand for converting the reflected signal from` said object to sum and difference carrier signals, a local oscillator, means for combining the output of said oscillator with each of said sum and diierence signals: to convert said signals to an intermediate frequency, a separate narrow-band intermediatefrequency amplifier connected for amplifying each of said converted sum and difference carrier signals, Vsaid, oscillator having an operating frequency for offsetting the converted signals to one edge of the respective amplifier pass bandsand said amplifiers having a band pass Width which provides summation of the two short pulse spectrums and is small as compared with the converted modulated carrier band Width,.thereby to provide effective single side band amplication'of said signals, means for combining the outputs of said amplifiers to produce a differential control signal, and means responsive to vsaid control signal for indicating the position of said Object with respect to the center line of said antenna assembly.

2. AV radar system including carrier signal generating means for operation in a rangerabove the high-frequency band, means for modulating the output of said generating means to produce a signal consisting of a carrier amplitude modulated by a pair of pulses of short substantially equal length and separated by a time interval equal to the duration of'one of said pulses, means including a phase sensitive antenna assembly for transmitting said carrier signal to an object to be detected and for converting the reflected carrier signal from said object to sum and difference carrier signals, a local oscillator, means for combining the output of said oscillator vwith each of said Y sum and difference signals to convert said signals each to anintermediate frequency, a separate narrow bandV intermediate frequency ampliiier'connected for amplify- Width, thereby to provide' eiective single side bandamplication of said signals, a detector connected withV the output` of each vof'said amplifiers, means for combining the output signals from said detectors to produce a V*differential control signal,fand means responsive to saidk control signal for indicating the position of said object with respect to the centerline of said antenna assembly. 3. A radar system as deiined in claim 2, wherein the position-indicating means includes a light beam sourceV providing a light beam indicative of said position of the object, and means for collimating the light beam from said source with a light beam rellected' from said object, Y

References Cited by the Examiner .n UNITED STATES PATENTS,V 2,479,458

8/49 Barthelemy 313-92 2,752,521 Y`6/56 Ivey, 313--92 2,830,288 4/58 Dicke 343--16 2,988,739 6/61 yHoefer et al. 343-16 3,044,057 7/62 Thourel et al. 343-7] CHESTER'L. JUSTUS, Primary Examiner. Y 

1. A RADAR SYSTEM INCLUDING SIGNAL GENERATING MEANS FOR OPERATION IN A RANGE ABOVE THE HIGH-FREQUENCY BAND, MEANS FOR MODULATING THE OUTPUT OF SAID GENERATING MEANS TO PRODUCE A SIGNAL CONSISTING OF A CARRIER AMPLITUDEMODULATED BY A PAIR OF SHORT PULSES WHICH ARE OF EQUAL LENGTH AND ARE SEPARATED BY A TIME INTERVAL EQUAL TO THE TIME DURATION OF ONE OF SAID PULSES, MEANS INCLUDING A PHASE SENSITIVE ANTENNA ASSEMBLY COMPRISING DUAL PORABOLOIDS WITH THEIR FEED CENTERS AT THE SAME ELEVATION AND DISPLACED FROM ONE ANOTHER IN AZIMUTH FOR TRANSMITTING SAID SIGNAL TO AN OBJECT TO BE DETECTED FOR CONVERTING THE REFLECTED SIGNAL FROM SAID OBJECT TO SUM AND DIFFERENCE CARRIER SIGNALS, A LOCAL OSCILLATOR, MEANS FOR COMBINING THE OUTPUT OF SAID OSCILLATOR WITH EACH OF SAID SUM AND DIFFERENCE SIGNALS TO CONVERT SAID SIGNALS TO AN INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY, A SEPARATE NARROW-BAND INTERMEDIATEFREQUENCY AMPLIFIER CONNECTED FOR AMPLIFIYING EACH OF SAID CONVERTED SUM AND DIFFERENCE CARRIER SIGNALS, SAID OSCILLATOR HAVING AN OPERATING FREQUENCY FOR OFFSETTING THE CONVERTED SIGNALS TO ONE EDGE OF THE RESPECTIVE AMPLIFIER PASS BANDS AND SAID AMPLIFIERS HAVING A BAND PASS WIDTH WHICH PROVIDES SUMMATION OF THE TWO SHORT PULSE SPECTRUMS AND IS SMALL AS COMPARED WITH THE CONVERTED MODULATED CARRIER BAND WIDTH, THEREBY TO PROVIDE EFFECTIVE SIGNAL SIDE BAND AMPLIFICATION OF SAID SIGNALS, MEANS FOR COMBINING THE OUTPUTS OF SAID AMPLIFIERS TO PRODUCE A DIFFERENTIAL CONTROL SIGNAL, AND MEANS RESPONSIVE TO SAID CONTROL SIGNAL FOR INDICATING THE POSITION OF SAID OBJECT WITH RESPECT TO THE CENTER LINE OF SAID ANTENNA ASSEMBLY. 